
Literary proficiency is determined by how much and how well students
can extract meaning from an authentic piece of writing (reading proficiency)
or how much and how well a student can communicate in writing (written
proficiency). The literacy benchmarks set minimum standards of the tasks
a student should be able to perform on demand with the language. The
literacy standards are based on five criteria: content, functions, text
types, assessment contexts, and accuracy.
Content refers
to the subjects a student can read or write. Students at lower
proficiency levels will be limited to reading and writing about
simple themes in their immediate environment, such as objects
or people. At higher levels, students are expected to talk about
activities, areas of study, and future plans. |
Functions describe
what a student can accomplish with the language. Examples of functions
are "obtain information," "express likes and dislikes,"
and "make suggestions." |
Text types
explain the types of text a student can read and indicate
the amount of language a student can produce in writing. |
Assessment contexts
refer to the environment in which the student is expected to demonstrate
proficiency. The two contexts for reading and writing are teacher
verification and external assessment. |
Accuracy measures
how well a student can communicate with another person. |
For reading proficiency, there are three levels of control.
Recognize elements: Within
recognizing elements, there are two levels of control. Decoding
refers to the student’s ability to make a connection between
characters and the sounds represented without necessarily understanding
the meaning of the words of phrases. Recognize meaning refers
to the student’s ability to understand the meaning of words
and phrases written in hiragana, katakana, or kanji. |
Skim for general meaning:
This control refers to the student’s ability to determine
the gist of written discourse in context. |
Extract details: This
control refers to the student’s ability to extract detailed
information from written discourse in context. |
For writing proficiency, there are also two levels of control.
Write characters: This
refers to the student’s ability to mechanically produce
isolated components of written language (a character or word)
either from memory or from a model. |
Produce text: This control
refers to the student’s ability to produce meaningful written
communication in authentic contexts. |